A B S T R A C T Considering the location of vital centers in the heart of the cities, they are more affected by unexpected events. Hence, due to the probability of the loss of existing services and devastating effects on the social organization and the necessity to prepare essential needs of people and military agencies, planning and building the storage for essential items as a replacement for the damaged services are considered a critical factor in social and defensive reliability. This research tries to locate stockpile of essential Items in Mashhad by emphasizing Passive defense criteria and analyzing stockpiles of essential items in terms of form communicational structure. The type of research is applied, and the research method is in theoretical discussion and formulation of mental models, descriptive-analytical and information-gathering methods, documents, questionnaires, and interviews. Moreover, the information analysis method is with the IHWP model in GIS software in the locating section. In the section on examining architectural patterns and forms is content analysis. The research results show that 20.61 percent of Mashhad has an optimal location potential, and 0.94 percent of city also has a favorable potential for location. Also, parts of the north-east and south of the city have the priority for location. The types of spatial organization of the rectangular form, including centralized, four-armed, introverted, and diagonal, were investigated in the architecture department. The centralized form is preferable to other forms for its capacity and access to exits and spatial organization Extended Abstract Introduction As a stockpile of essential items to facilitate the process of activities and to achieve goals, the warehouse plays a vital role in creating this flexibility in organizations. In fact, from the point of view of crisis management, the stockpile of essential items can play a significant role in the supply chain to deal with unforeseen internal or external incidents. Passive defense in the stockpile of essential items refers to measures that do not require expensive and challenging methods and solutions to protect the stockpile of essential items. Furthermore, it can help avoid the substantial expenses of monitoring the entire inventory and increasing non-conformities (such as theft, fire, non-conformity in the inventory and management inspection, fatal accidents, etc.) or reduce this amount. Choosing the form of the stockpile of essential items for essential items with a Passive defense approach requires a comprehensive analysis based on defense principles such as hierarchical protection, nationwide coverage, dynamic protection, relative self-sufficiency, and minimum vulnerability. Therefore, in addition to placing this category of stockpile of essential items in Mashhad, the mentioned research also tries to establish a relationship between architectural forms and principles of defense to reduce vulnerability and improve the level of relief in times of crisis.   Methodology The current type of research is applied, and the research method is descriptive-analytical. In this research, 29 people were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews with urban and Passive defense experts. The method of data analysis is quantitative and qualitative. Also, the content analysis method was used to compile and analyze the architectural forms of the stockpile of essential items of essential items compatible with the principles of Passive defense. The fuzzy quantitative model IHWP was exploited in GIS software for placing the stockpile of essential items in the studied sample.   Results and discussion Locating From the overlaying of 10 indicators, distance from the fault, height of buildings, distance from gas lines, distance from high voltage power lines, road width, building density, risk of uses, distance from water transmission lines, population density, and land prone to liquefaction, location in 10 class was conducted that the first and second priority is the north-east and south of Mashhad, which has the most favorable location. In Mashhad, 17.2% of the city area has a very low score, 12.8% low score, 48.37% medium score, 20.61% high score, and 0.94% very high score regarding location desirability.   Architecture According to the previous studies on geometric forms, the suitable form for warehouse design is a simple form that does not have frequent breaks and sharp and vague points to reduce the spatial deviation. Among the geometrical shapes, square and rectangular right-cornered shapes meet the criteria of warehouse design. In the meantime, the rectangle can define joints along its length, each of which is a focal point for concentrating activities and organizing their performance. Additionally, the internal spaces in this form are reasonably defined, which results in the building's overall form being overshadowed. This also makes the surrounding accesses more targeted and focused, ultimately providing more suitable relief during times of crisis. In order to create four types of stockpiles of essential items, A (centralized), B (four arms), C (introverted), and D (polar) were designed, and the way of combining these stockpiles of essential items was expressed and analyzed separately. The research results on accesses and circulation shows that type A covers a population of over 100,000 people, which has the best performance in terms of access to exits and spatial organization and provides services in times of crisis. Therefore, type A, due to the sequence of layers, lines, and expansion on the surface, has the most functional symmetry with the body of the warehouse, and its spatial projection is limited to adapt the shell to the body. Visually, it has the least visibility from a high height. Due to its volume and formal indicators, it has a high level of homogeneity and camouflage with its surrounding environment.   Conclusion The results of placing stockpiles of essential items in Mashhad showed that the northeast and south of the city have a higher talent for establishment. According to the examination of geometric forms, the rectangular form has the most efficiency for warehouse design in the architecture area. Due to formal capabilities such as the value of lines, angles, and proportions, it has the most efficiency in terms of performance, motion circulation, and the least spatial deviation. In order to research as mentioned above, after choosing the dominant form of the rectangle, an attempt has been made to analyze the spatial organization of the rectangular form using linear, combined, decomposition, and combination methods and centripetal and radial arrangements in terms of Passive defense principles. Furthermore, four different types of warehouse design were formally analyzed as patterns and representative types, which are four arms, centralized, introverted, and diagonal, each of which, in addition to functional capabilities, also covers the population's needs in crisis conditions. Finally, the concentrated type due to the extent of its successive lines and layers in close proximity to each other, the perceptibility of the surfaces of the body joints because it can be recognized from a high altitude in order not to be identified in times of crisis such as air raid, they have the highest degree of compatibility between function and form from the point of view of Passive defense.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific

In general defense in two areas of defense and Passive defense has long been associated with the creation of man and man's time, using more advanced techniques and resources they have. But this progress has not been uniform in all parts of the planet relative to the differences led the countries to think of rape, assault and threatening other countries to afford. So the threated country of the use of programs for self-defense was thinking that one of these programs from the standpoint of Passive defense is territorial defense preparation. So that the plans to regulate the residence, employment, facilities, infrastructure and services with regard to defense and security, environmental and human, position and shape of the land and the economic, social, cultural and ... and considers all aspects of crisis and danger. From this perspective, many of the goals and principles of Passive defense in the context of land use planning in the world. In general, land use planning is a forward-looking and fair view of the use and operation of the power and functionality of the environment and a vision of security and defense in the distribution of people, activities and the infrastructure of people in the space of a country's. In this study, using the analytical method to analyze and study the documentation and analysis of business issues on security and defense of the national level to municipal level has been assessed. For this reason and because of the political situation and the threats against Iran in the region and the world takes place and also the spatial analysis of the scattering of residence and activity in this study, the results indicate an imbalance in rural and urban systems, facilities and infrastructure, employment and activity and... The attention again of political, military and planners authorities is necessary to balance security and defense, and also avoid thinking of harassment and intimidation in the country.

Today, every country is trying to take measures to maximize national power and authority to establish security and maximize its defense capabilities. The Islamic Republic of Iran is no exception to this rule and is trying to increase its national capabilities, national power and defense authority in space. It will increase deterrence, reduce vulnerability, continue necessary activities, promote national sustainability, and facilitate crisis management in the face of military threats and actions. For this purpose, the present study has been written with the aim of presenting the model of optimizing the security defense authority of the Islamic Republic of Iran with a Passive defense approach. To extract the initial components, two methods were used to study the extensive libraries and the Delphi technique using 14 academic experts and strategic designers, and the selection of experts was done by sampling snowballs. Kendall’ s coordination coefficient was 0. 86, indicating a very strong view of the meeting between experts. The LISREL software was used to evaluate the components. Based on the results of the research, 38 components were identified as factors affecting the optimization of the security defense authority of the Islamic Republic of Iran with a Passive defense approach.

According to the Fourth Development Plan, one of the fundamental pillars of national security, Passive defense is discussed. Considering the fact that this type of defense is to know that the country is taking shape with the use of Passive defense measures auxiliary chain can be considered. With regard to the field of potential threats and risks to national security, sovereignty, territorial totality the targeted country needs an all-out defense of reason is quite obvious. Using the principles of Passive defense measures can be effective aids defensive chain can be a significant. defense category Passive human subject for generations in their efforts to safeguard and protection against natural enemies humanoid. Historically consider measures to avoid such incidents are fashionable, according to the requirements of the new era and a new world creation government, this city compass are transferred to the national range. We aim to provide strategic and structural Barvykrd research using the Passive security safety strategies tailored to geography with structure-Economic social cultural and so on Ahvaz City compietion was is a descriptive-analytic study. The case study is the city Ahwaz in Khuzestan province. Then analyze the current situation and the master plan of studies using operational strategies for safety city Ahwaz and security offered. Ahvaz has no comprehensive plan tailored to principles of defense and Passive defense to secure the citizens and city At the time of the injury and possible attacks by the enemy is. At the time of the injury and possible attacks by the enemy is. Despite the political city any both the military-intelligence is one of the most sensitive cities in the country. Any appropriate action to implement the principles of Passive defense in the City have done.

Cyber threat is a modern intimidation against critical infrastructure and cybernetic installations. To counter the technological threats as well as mitigate the national vulnerabilities, it is required to develop the strategies for the national Passive defense in the face of cyber threats as dealt with in this study. Accordingly, this study seeks to answer the question: What are the national Passive defense strategies in relation to cyber threats? In the following, it reviews the high legal documents in relation to Passive defense, cyber space and security and recognizes the internal and external environments and then develops the related strategies upon the viewpoints of experts. In the same vein, it calculates and sequences the desired points upon TOPSIS and the impact of each strategy on the penta-pronged purposes of Passive defense is determined. Finally, the strategic plan for the national Passive defense against cyber threats comes into being out of the current paper. It is worth noting, the strategies, capable to be executed separately, are in tandem with other spheres as a complementary which by their turning into manuals and implementation, the national cyber infrastructure could be immunized and secured up to an accepted extent.

Background: Hospitals as the important part in providing health services to people considered as the first referral place for healthcare in crises; therefore, hospitals site selection in a wrong place leads to both irrecoverable financial losses and human casualties. However, due to the significance of these applications in crisis, the importance of paying attention to the proper principles and criteria become more and more based on Passive defense approach in hospitals site selection. This study aims to determine the importance items in the site selection of hospitals using Passive defense approach.Method: In this review study, the library method and internet searching from databases and specialized journals related to Passive defense and site selection of hospitals and etc.have been used.Findings: According to the results, selection of a hospital location should be secure and far from incompatible uses. The most significant cases in site selection of hospitals using Passive defense approach are as follows: safety of hospital site selection (avoiding of hazardous areas); access to high-speed routes and subway, proximity to densely populated areas, city scattering, proximity to green and open spaces and firefighting centers and away from faults and rivers.Conclusion: The results show that an appropriate site selection is one of the most important factors in success of a healthcare center. Thus, in order to respond affected people in times of crisis, the hospital site selection should be chosen in order to minimize damages during natural and manmade disasters and affected people should have easy access.

Since resorting to force and conventional war using military hardware cannot be easily justified, the west, especially the United States, has launched a religious and cultural invasion along with the expansion of their military power. The first question in this study is whether soft war against Islam and the Islamic Republic of Iran is a reality or it is, as some believe, the “hallucination of plot”? After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the US has made a great attempt to represent Islamic countries and groups as the main threat to world peace and security. Based on abundant evidence, we believe that the hallucination of plot theory is formulated merely to mislead public opinion and induce inactivity. The other question raised in this paper is whether western computer games, used as soft war tools, have had a negative influence on the religious attitude and beliefs of people, especially the youth and teenagers, or not? In its soft war against Islam and the Shiite, through computer games, the west has tried to direct the children and teenagers’ way of thinking towards its own standpoint, and has been somehow successful. Although the west has been relatively successfully in its soft war, we believe that by relying on our technological and ideological potentials we can oppose this phenomenon and disseminate the Islamic ideals throughout the world.

The aim of the study was to present a curriculum model for ecosystem protection with a Passive defense approach. This research was conducted using a qualitative synthesis method, and the research environment included all Iranian articles (2009-2023) and international articles (2007-2023). A purposive sampling method was applied until data saturation was reached, resulting in the selection of 62 articles. The research instrument was the reading of article texts. Data analysis was carried out based on a classification system of open concepts, organizing concepts, and comprehensive concepts. The results showed that the curriculum model for ecosystem protection with a Passive defense approach in the four areas of objectives, methods, content, and activities is as follows: in the dimension of objectives, it includes 6 components (cognitive, affective, psychomotor, metacognitive, meta-affective, and meta-psychomotor); in the dimension of content, it includes 4 components (content organization, content contextualization, content revision, and content integration); in the dimension of methods, it includes 6 components (self-directed learning, self-regulated learning, systemic learning, multiple learning, practical learning, and motivational learning); and in the dimension of activities, it includes 5 components (environmental-centered, exploratory, research-based, dialogic, and contingent).

Balancing the strategy of countries against the power of competitors and threats in their operational environment. In the past, the balancing strategy of countries was very simple and based on military means. Today, with the changes that have been made in the nature of power, economic, political and cultural tools have also been proposed in addition to military tools. The change in the nature of power has led to the emergence of soft power alongside hard power, and the surrounding threats of the actors have also changed from hard to mixed. The question is, what is the strategy of the players in the face of the soft and negative threats of competitors based on Islamic discourse? In response to the question, the hypothesis is proposed that Passive defense is one of the tools of soft and positive balancing strategy of countries in facing the power and soft and negative threats of competitors. The findings of the research using the qualitative analysis method indicate that the actors in the modern situation are facing emerging threats that are very different from the traditional threats and Passive defense is one of the tools to face these threats which has been the attention of the actors for a long time and in the narratives. Islamic and the statements of the supreme leader of the revolution have also received much attention due to Islam's approach to defense against the threats of enemies.

The coastal cities and of course port and harbors due to their economic, transit and tourism situations are always exposed to attacks and threats from the enemy. Passive defense is among approaches through which, from one hand, makes the deterrence role of ports increase and their vulnerability decrease either. Regarding the importance of the topic, this research, using five indicators (architecture and design, structure, facilities and equipment, proximity and access, information security and cyber network) and 104 sub-indexes, aims to shed light on the significance assessment of Passive defense in harbor of imam khomeini. This research is applied and the research method is survey evaluation with emphasis on the questionnaire. The statistical population includes the employees and experts of the port administration and some officials of the institutions of the city of Bandar Imam Khomeini and the determined sample size is 100 people. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to check the data distribution normality, and to check the status of the research variables, structural equation modeling was done using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) method via SMARTPLS software, and Friedman's model was used to rank the variables. The findings from the PLS test results revealed that the facilities and equipment index has the highest impact (0. 873) and the information security and cyber network index has the lowest impact (0. 737).